Bosnian Chardaklia House: The Dzider Familyʹs House in The Crnoc Village near Kakanj

The house was built during the reign of the Ottoman Empire (before the 19th century), but to date it has undergone a number of reconstructions and renovations. It belongs to the type of two-tracts bosnian chardaklija house. One of the most valuable features of this house (except for its age) is the fact that it was erected on a living water source, which is still in the basement of the house today.


Introduction
The Bosnian chardaklia house is one of the most authentic and representative examples of traditional architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina, reflecting the complex natural and social environment of that person with its architectural and spatial solutions, construction and materialization, flexibility, and openness for longterm use (once and through four generations), both the client and its immediate creator. It is the home of wealthy people who live in the countryside but are firmly attached to the city with their jobs and overall lifestyles.
Unlike the oriental-type city house in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Hadrovic, 2007), which, due to the fact that it is a "city", was exposed to socio -cultural influences by other (oriental) civilizations, the bosnian chardaklia house is an expression of an authentic natural and social environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As Bosnia and Herzegovina is a complex multireligious, multiethnic and multicultural society, the bosnian chardaklia house emerges as a common denominator for all these differences, often to such an extent that one does not notice from which of these identities the house in question belongs. Valuable examples of this house can be found in the three largest ethnic groups -Muslims (Bosniaks), Catholics http://www.id-press.eu/seejad/ (Croats) and Orthodox (Serbs).
The bosnian chardaklia house evolved from the house of cattle men, that is, from the dwellings of seasonal mountain settlements (katuns) which can more or less (today) be found on the mountains of the Dinaric massif (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro). One of the basic features of the Bosnian chardaklia house is its spatial development vertically, in the basementground floor-first floor (čardaci) scheme.
In addition to this fundamental feature, over time, several types of bosnian chardaklia house became known, which can be linked to the specificity of the natural and social environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Hadrovic, 2017): a) Two-tracts (2 Tr), b) Three-tracts houses (3 Tr), c) Central House Solution (CHS).

Location and Context
The Dzider familyʹs house in the Crnoc village near Kakanj is located on the flat terrain of a steep slope with southwestern insolation (Figure 1).  The house was built during the reign of the Ottoman Empire (before the 19th century), but to date it has undergone a number of reconstructions and renovations. It belongs to the type of two-tracts bosnian chardaklija house. One of the most valuable features of this house (except for its age) is the fact that it was erected on a living water source, which is still in the basement of the house today.

Spatial -shape characteristics of the house
According to the layout of the horizontal plans, Dzider familyʹs house in the Crnoc village near Kakanj belongs to the type of two-tracts bosnian chardaklia house, which was developed vertically through the basement, ground floor and first floor ( Figure 3).

Figure 3: Dzider familyʹs house in the Crnoc village near Kakanj; Disposition
The basement is arranged just below one ground floor tract. It is the main pantry of a household where more durable foods are stored.
The ground floor is accessed from the porch area on the southeast side of the house, into the "house" (kuća) space with an open hearth ( Figure 3 and Figure 4). The second entrance (on the northwest side of the house) is still preserved today, but the porch adjacent to that entrance has been removed (since it has ceased to be used over time), ( Figure 5). http://www.id-press.eu/seejad/ Although several reconstructions were made on the building, the area of the "house" (kuća) with a hearth has remained preserved to this day ( Figure 6, and Figure 7).  From the "house" (kuća) space is accessed two rooms that are arranged above the basement space ( Figure 8).    In the divanhana space is also a niche, abdesthana, which in the original design of the house was a place for prayer (abdest), (Figure 12). Today, abdesthana is decorated in a convenience kitchen with a Kamerija". From the divanhana it is directly accessed in two chardaks, one above the "house" (kuća) space, the other above the ground floor room and into the narrow hallway leading to the gallery in the "house" airspace ( Figure 13). This gallery is, as already mentioned, accessed by an internal staircase from the space of the "house" and from the gallery into a small chardak (Figure 8). The gallery shows the space of the "house" and the garret above the open hearth ( Figure 3 and Figure 9).

Construction and Materialization
The structure of the Dzider familyʹs house in the Crnoc village near Kakanj is typical the Bosnian chardaklia house. The basement walls are made of finely worked stone (80 cm thick), (Figure 14, left and Figure 15, left). The floor construction was done in a wooden bonduce with a fill of adobe -blocs (ćerpič) and a piece of wooden wicker with packed earth, (Figure 15, right). The original roof structure has been reconstructed so that the new roof has a small slope (about 30º), covered with tiles. The construction between floors on all levels are made of wooden beams with solid wooden floors (Figure 16 and Figure 17).  The structure between first floor towards the garret is more complex: on the upper side of the beam is a ceiling of thick wooden planks, and at a certain height of the beam is the ceiling of the chardak made of finely treated wooden planks ("šiše"). Between the garret floor and the chardak ceiling, a layer of packed soil with straw and chaff washes was inserted, which had the function of thermal insulation (Figure 18, right).  All the windows on the house are preserved in their original design. Wooden window frames ("window boxes") are widths that follow the thickness of the walls (Figure 22).  An interesting solution is the "double" windows on the rooms and the chardaks above them ( Figure  24).

The present condition and purpose of the house -Perspectives
The Dzider familyʹs house in the Crnoc village near Kakanj, despite its reconstructions and renovations, has a preserved physical structure, which indicates the deep age of the building. Today's homeowners are in their late years and spend most of the year in their home in Kakanj, while they spend most of the summer in this home. The rich natural environment and the house that "carries the immense embodied energy of many generations who have lived there" is the best place where its present owners have a sense of "living today, together with their ancestors" (Figure 29). The undoubted architectural, historical and ambient values of this house should be preserved, first through its inclusion in the list of national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and then in the way of giving this object a function that will make it sustainable.

Bioclimatic principles of the building
The Dzider familyʹs house in the Crnoc village near Kakanj is an example of the traditional bioclimatic architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The principles of bioclimatic architecture are reflected in the following: The building is located on a hilly terrain with southern exposure, The basement is partly buried in the terrain, ensuring its storage function with a constant temperature (during all seasons), In all elements of construction, natural materials used were taken on site, with a place in the building that corresponds to their best features, The disposition of the object (horizontal and vertical plan) ensures the function of the space with an open hearth as a space that provides natural ventilation of the object (good cryptoclimate) and protection of all elements of the object made of wood against the aggressive action of insects and moisture, Heating of individual rooms and chardakas is provided by furnaces, using wood as firewood, whereby the smoke generated in them is released into the central space ("dimluk"), which to some extent additionally warms the rooms ("heat recovery") and protects wooden elements of the physical structure of the object, The spatial concept of the building allows it to be used as a single and two-family house (flexibility of architecture).